DNEAE-C2: Aspects of Diplomatic Negotiation §

Class: IS404 Created Time: October 26, 2021 2:09 PM Database: Class Notes Database Last Edited Time: October 26, 2021 3:06 PM Type: Presentation Notes

Introduction §

• Diplomatic negotiation has less power than international negotiation
• Diplomatic Negotiation
  • Used in public sector between state & individuals
• Chapter about origins of establishment of IS

The Development of Diplomatic Negotiation §

• Everything has been invented, they’re only shaped to fit the current context throughout history
• 3000 BCE: Ancient Near East had friendly relations with diplomatic negotiations, communications, gift giving ceremonies, and marriages arrangements.
• 1960s BCE: peace negotiations between Mari and Hammurabi over the possession of Hit
  1. Draft Text of peace Treaty: written by a king
     • to offers Trade and concerns over one another’s wants and needs
       • Familiar procedures and ploys Arguments about morality, legitimacy, love, family piety, vanity, interest, the law and treaty obligations
       • Intelligence on military and diplomatic matters
       • Soothsayers and prophets playing important role in decisio: making process
       • Exchange of princesses, gifts, physicians and sacred idols
       • Issues of finance, trade, stability and survival of the regime, prestige, interest, the defense of the realm and imperial expansion
       • communications, gift giving ceremonies, and marriages arrangements.
  2. Exchange Drafts of Treaty: tablet messages sending
  3. Third-Party
• Late 10th Century BCE: convention and tactics of diplomatic negotiation has been shaped and honed into a standard
• 3000 Years Later: The procedures and substance of negotiation has evolved, but there are still family resemblances left in relations

💡 Why study historical cases of Negotiation?

• to understand the invariant structural features of negotiation as a wide view
• to understand how negotiation evolved and how it came to be how it is today. Similar to study of biology.
• concepts of diplomacy and international relations isn’t always reinvented, its built upon from historical development of these processes
• historical development can be drawn on for more context than just looking at present time or recent past

The Problems of Establishing Outcomes §

• Outcomes of negotation has hard to predict

  • because mistrust happens in mutual relations
  • because negotiators (Envoy) has been killed many times

• Killing envoy is a show of power

  💡 Ex: Shah of Chwarezm (Persian) killing representation of Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan

• In order to gain trust, state/monarchy must exchange hostages

• Arranges marriage of children to form alliances (Ex: Emporer of Byzantiyum and Daughter of Khagan)

  • Violence can still happen

Establishment of Diplomatic Network and Advance of Weapons Technology §

• Diplomatic Networks maintain friendly relations
  • 17th century: bilateral negotiation of two parties in a pre-arranged area (not multilateral yet)
  • Problem: can be a contest of power instead of negotiating
    • To avoid this every representative is treated the same way and on the same level seating
  • 19th century: multilateral negotiation to overlook international power structure
  • 20th century: Court of Arbitration (Hague Peace conference), League of Nations, UN
• Weapons Technology causes deterence from another state attacking

Changes Over the Centuries §

• Internationla negotiation has only changed in its bargaining process from the past till now

1. Improved Technology:
   • makes greater weapons that causes deterence
   • technology is a tool to shape organizations with easier access to information
2. Regime: rules and negotatiions to control parties that don’t comply (sanctions)
   • to establish durable and ongoing states relations
   • to buid greater trust while forgeting about past grievences
3. Trust: secrecy between states lessened trust in the past
   • Modern thinking of Openness is effective in speeding up negotiating process
   • Problem: too transparency could be bad
4. Power: power is better distributed in today’s world
   • Distribution of power is better because the creation and usage of IGOs

Charactersitics of Diplomatic Negotiation §

• Hans Morgenthau: Diplomacy is the best means of preserving peace that a society of sovereign states has to offer
• Zartman: negotiators seek to prduce a formula for agreement on the resolutin of a problem wheereby the principle of justice
• Henry Kissinger:

Christer Jonsson & Karin Aggestam

Diplomacy functions

• The content of foreign affairs as a whole.
• The conduct of foreign policy.
• The management of international relations by negotiation
• The use of diplomats in a diplomatic service
• The adjective ‘diplomatic’, often refers to the manner in which relations are conducted

Confict of Interest and Power Relationship §

• States can have contact in 3 different ways
  • If their interest completely overlap: they must sit down and discuss how business should be conducted on mutual interest with common strategy.
    • no conflict of interest
    • some countries might become diametrically opposed:
• If states have opposing interest…

Position of a State §

• Position of a state is determined by internace differences of interest and opinion and external dependences
  • Destabalize the country
• Ways to influence the Balance of Power
  • Obtain the most information about one’s own position, other’s position and potentially involved parties
  • Coalition-Forming: are easier to form in multilateral situation for less powerful states to have a voice against a more powerful state than bilateral negotiation
  • Use of Force: when negotiation isn’t an option anymore. And its getting much more difficult to use force with the world’s interdependence
    • Mosquito Power: extremist, terrorists, and non-state try to weaken big powers such as states

Inter-state Negotiation §

• When common interest > Differences
  • Open negotiation: to find solution to mutual probems
  • Negotiation can only be reached when btoh parties recognize each other’s interests
• When common interests < Differences
  • Competitive negotiation

The Diplomat and Negotiation behavior §