Chapter 7: The Roles of States in Global Governance §

(F) Day of the week: Thursday Class: IS305 Created Time: January 21, 2021 2:11 PM Database: Class Notes Database Date: January 21, 2021 2:11 PM Days Till Date: Passed Last Edited Time: June 9, 2021 10:42 AM Type: Presentation Notes

Group 4 §

1. Chan Nalarya
2. Nhoem Sovansreypich
3. Sem Sonita
4. Sros Souphea

Intro §

The roles of states in the international system in global governance. Interests, strategy, relationship between states and pieces of global governance.

Case Studies

US war against terrorism after 9/11 attack.

• Submitted monthly report, cut supply to terrorist groups…
• U.S. Gained many assistance

1. States and Global Governance: A Complex Interaction §

IGOs depend of states

• States fund IGOs
• IGOs are only powerful when powerful states comply with them, needs approval

How do states behave according to different theories?

• Neoliberals Institutionalists: states are influenced by the institutions and networks.
• Realists: states preferences, interests, and actions are formed from their position in the int’ system.
• Constructivist: norms, IGOs, NGOs, can change states identity.
• Principle-Agent Theorists: focus on complex interactions between states.

What factors shape roles states play in global governance?

• State’s relative power: the more power/wealth a state have the more it can shape global governance

  • Hegemony: creates IGOs to consolidate their influence. in favor of the rich & powerful.

  Ex: Veto power P5

  • Wealthy states use funding for influence over IGOs

Why states participate in piece of global governance?

they participate in global governance for their national interests by:

• Principal-agent theorists: they use IGOs for tasks they can’t achieve themselves
• Functionalism: they use functional organizations to solve specific issues such as non-sensitive cooperation.
• Collective Goods Theorists: states depend on IOs to provide public goods such as health care.
• Neoliberal Institutionalist: states use IOs to legitimize their actions and that their commitment is credible.

What makes interaction between states and global governance complex?

Sovereignty is what makes it complex

• when there is conflict: who has rights to control internal sovereignty
• States sovereignty is limited by international law

Why states choose to relinquish sovereign authority to international institutions?

IGOs can have high authority able to give states:

• Platform to settle disputes: ICJ
• Public Goods by hegemon
• Aid and Peacekeeping missions

2. The Key Roles of the U.S. §

US shapes the postwar international system

• Establish many IGOs
• Promote International laws:
  • UN charter is consistent with US interests
• US use IGOs to create institutions and rules according to their interests
  • Iraq invasion, counter terrorism etc.
• US rejected from many institutions memberships

How US practice Unilateralism?

• US isn’t bound by obligations of UN Charter
  • war against Iraq without UN authorization
• Bush: use of force as pre-emptive attacks

Other states response

How US practice Multilateralism?

• US recognized the multilateralism in war on terrorism
• To nuclear proliferate through NATO

The relationship between US and IGO depend on the factors: §

2.1. US power in the international system §

There are 2 beliefs in the political culture

• Exceptionalism: US has an obligation and responsibility to promote those values and using international institutions.
• Exemptionism: US should be forgiven or exempt from some of those rules governing others in order to protect its sovereignty.

2.2. Domestic politics §

• Presidential leaderships and executive-legislative relations.
• Domestic groups and public opinion -) US foreign policy
• Congress control the budget -) source of power in international institution.

2.3. The characteristics of various pieces of global governance §

• pieces of global governance influence by US leaderships roles in the institutions
• pieces of global governance depend on US budget and need to follow US preference to gain budget

3. Other Powerful States §

3.1. The Soviet Union §

(1922-1991) to Russia (1991-Now)

• Created 2 regional organizations
• Vetoed western objectives from happening
• Pushed self-determination for colonial states (independence)

Great Britain or the United Kingdom and France §

• Major financial contributor
• Are the one want the permanent seats on the security council
• Play active roles in UN and NATO peace operations
• Influential to their former colonies through Commonwealth and Francophonie
• They are the key supporter of such initiatives as

  • the International Criminal Court,

  • the Kyoto Protocol on climate change,

  • the landmines treaty

  • the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

    all of which were rejected by the United States

• In the economic sphere, both the United Kingdom and France have played a key role in providing innovative ideas and approaches to dressing the 2008-2009 international financial crisis L:

China §

Largest population, economy and very influential power

China’s view and role of governance has changed

• Before: they believed global governance was a western idea, didn’t participate
  • joined UN to kick Taiwan out of UN
    • Joined other IGOs and UN agencies to gain legitimacy, but not participate much
• After: from self-isolation to integration. Why?
  • Realism:
    • China wants to enhance its power and influence in regional and global diplomacy through Institutions
    • Sovereignty still is a concern to keep authoritarian regime, keep their human rights practice
  • Liberalism: China increasing independence, realized that institutionalized cooperation is needed for future growth

German §

Didn’t join until both Germanys joined UN in 1973

Japan §

Joined UN in 1953

• Still absent in regional Asian institutions

Regional institutions shifted: Japan becomes big influence in international & regional organizations

• Wants to change their image of a war aggressor

---

Germany and Japan role in UNSC

• Major contributor to the UN peacekeeping operations it term of funding and troops. Ex: Gulf war in 1991
• in 1992, The Japanese parliament approve legislation permitting up to 2000 Japanese troops to deploy in UN peacekeeping missions
• Germany Constitution rule that German military forces could contribute to UN peacekeeping operation as well as NATO operation.

Japan’s troops contribution is still limited

Germany is plentiful in contributing troops and fund.

India and Brazil §

Started counting as powerful state in 2000s

India

• Large population
• Nuclear states
• Largest democracy states

India §

• Foreign policy has a significant element of multilateralism and unilateralism. Ex: They fight against apartheid in Africa and against colonialism

• Major contributor peacekeeping operation providing both troops and commander

• But India still concern of their own sovereignty.

  Ex:

  • India decline UN role in ending long running dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir
  • Refused to sign NPT
  • kIncreased military power to gain security role in oceans

Brazil §

More independent from US due to globalization

Donate lots of money to UN peacekeeping missions

4. Middle Power States §

States which are not a major power but are big enough to depend on themselves.

1. They put themselves in the world

   They help UN peacekeepers by providing materials and human resources (Canada)

2. Promote multilateralism

   Canada participate in ASEAN Regional forum

5. Developing States §

6. States Strategies §

Forum Shopping §

States have many options to choose from many forms to one that will have best reception for them.

• Labor: ILO, WTO, EU
• Environmental: UNEP, WB, Commission on Sustainable Development

Coalition building §

It serves pragmatic and organizational purpose by pooling smaller powers for a bigger voice.

Non-Aligned Movement (Global South)

• Happens every 3 years without a structure
• Charing state rotates every 3 years as caucus in UN

Ex: Arab-Israeli Issue: to not pick either US or Soviet, neither sides

Organization of the Islamic Conference §

To safeguard Holy Palace and support the people of Palestine to regain their rights and liberate their land.

Failed in:

• Safeguarding its primary issue: US’s war on terrorism caused Muslims to mistrust each other
• Terrorism: divided on the issue of terrorism as they define non-Islamic as terrorists

Ad Hoc Multilateralism §

are less binding or obligation for member states than permanent institutions

are Informal groups of states that help UN peace-related efforts

• Quarlet: solving Arab-Israeli issue
• Haiti
• G-20

Explaining State Policies and Strategies §

What explains state choices

Systematic Factor §

Anarchic nature & distribution of capabilities among states explain actions

• Hegemonic Stability Theory: US willing to pay for upholding international order
• Dependency Theory: Developing states depend on powerful states?

Domestic Politics §

States choose to cooperate multilaterally & predisposition towards Global Governance

• Authoritarian states: don’t comply with IGOs’ rules with human rights & sovereignty…

Characteristics of Pieces of Global Governance §

• States can benefit from specialized NGOs
• Gain services from states cannot gain by themselves
• Influenced by accepted norms and benefits of multilateralism (rational choice theory?)

Challenges of Multilateral Diplomacy §

1. Negotiation Across Culture

• Cultural & Language differences (cause misunderstanding)

  Lost in translation

2. Difference in value, mannerism, verbal and non-verbal communication

• High context culture: careful wording to protect themselves from misunderstandings (ASEAN way)
• Low context culture: are problem solving oriented, hurried to save face.

Leadership and Facilitating Agreement §

Power-steering: getting agreement among small groups of key states then getting others to agree.

Conclusion §

Role of states in global governance have complex relationships and many different types of states.